1998-2000; Bank of England, London, Senior International Financial Advisor, Financial Intermediaries Division: Research, analysis and management of work relating to financial stability issues in the G-10 (especially Europe and the US)

1994-8; European Monetary Institute, Frankfurt, Monetary, Economics and Statistics Department, Deputy Head of Stage Two Division (seconded): Research, analysis and management of work relating to monetary, macroeconomic and financial developments in the EU-15 countries in preparation for EMU; Maastricht Convergence assessmenr

1993-4; Committee of Governors/European Monetary Institute, Basel, Monetary, Economics and Statistics Department, Economist (seconded): Research and analysis of economic issues for the EU-15 in preparation for EMU

1991-3; Bank of England, London, Economics Division: Adviser, Financial Structure and Regulation; Research, analysis and management of work relating to the behaviour, structure and regulation of the UK financial sector

1989-91; Bank of England, London, Economics Division: Adviser, Monetary Policy: Research, analysis and management of work relating to UK monetary policy (especially use of financial spreads as monetary indicators)

1987-9; Bank of England, London, International Division: Group Leader, International Financial Markets: Research, analysis and management of work relating to the euromarkets and London as a financial centre.

1985-7; Bank for International Settlements, Basel: Economist, Domestic Financial Markets (seconded): : Research and analysis relating to the domestic financial sectors in the G-10 economies

1983-5; Bank of England, London, Economics Division: Group Leader, Modelling Group: Research, analysis and management of work relating to the modelling of the UK economy